Psychotherapies - 605 Words

Psychotherapies Krystle A McClurg BEH/225 09/11/2015 MELODIE MILLER Psychotherapies Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is a way to treat people with a mental disorder by helping them understand their illness. It teaches people strategies and gives them tools to deal with stress and unhealthy thoughts and behaviors. Psychotherapy helps patients manage their symptoms better and function at their best in everyday life. Sometimes psychotherapy alone may be the best treatment for a person, depending on the illness and its severity. Other times, psychotherapy is combined with medications. Therapists work with an individual or families to devise an appropriate treatment plan. (Psychotherapies, n.d.) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)†¦show more content†¦It has primarily been utilized as a short-term (approximately 16 week) therapy, but has also been modified for use as a maintenance therapy for patients with recurrent depression. (Interpersonal psychotherapy, 2015) Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) treatment is a cognitive-behavioral approach that emphasizes the psychosocial aspects of treatment. The theory behind the approach is that some people are prone to react in a more intense and out-of-the-ordinary manner toward certain emotional situations, primarily those found in romantic, family and friend relationships. DBT theory suggests that some people’s arousal levels in such situations can increase far more quickly than the average person’s, attain a higher level of emotional stimulation, and take a significant amount of time to return to baseline arousal levels. (Staff, 2013) People who are sometimes diagnosed with borderline personality disorder experience extreme swings in their emotions, see the world in black-and-white shades, and seem to always be jumping from one crisis to another. Because few people understand such reactions — most of all their own family and a childhood that emphasized invalidation — they don’t have any methods for coping with these sudden, intenseShow MoreRelated Psychotherapy Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesMy preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are a by-product irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). CBT focusesRead More Art of Psychotherapy Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesI believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy lies in the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problem s, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the most importantRead MoreIs Psychotherapy Based On Science?873 Words   |  4 Pages Is psychotherapy based on science? Is psychotherapy a science? What is psychotherapy? In psychotherapies, a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth. (Book)There are at least 500 different types of psychotherapies. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-all-psychotherapies-created-equal/ Being that there are so many, researchers often focus on the most frequently used approaches. These approaches are psychodynamicRead MorePsychotherapy for Mental Health906 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Medical News Today, psychotherapy is a series of techniques for treating mental health, emotional and some psychiatric disorders (http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156433.php). This website also says that is helps people understand what makes them happy or anxious and find their strong and weak points. There are various types of psychotherapy treatment such as cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. However there is a rising quest ion whether it is effective or not. Is talkingRead More Psychotherapy Essay examples998 Words   |  4 PagesI believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than the use of empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy exists through the use of the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves areRead MoreThe Ethical Concerns Of Psychotherapy1229 Words   |  5 Pages The Research of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is an interactive process between two individuals or more for the purpose of the improvement or the relief of the suffer of the person from compulsion, troublesome behavior, depression, etc. The process has to be done by using the therapeutic methods which logically relevant to the case under the regulations by laws and the profession. The therapist required for psychotherapy is proficient in both the theories of formation of personality and the techniquesRead More Adlerian Psychotherapy Essay2528 Words   |  11 Pages Understand, interpret, direct. This statement is an oversimplification of sorts, but defines the essence of Adlerian psychotherapy. From this minimal overview of Adlerian theory, we can begin to elaborate and explore the intricacies of individual psychology. Adlerians are concerned with understanding the unique and private beliefs and strategies of the individual (private logic and mistaken notions) that we create in childhood, and which serve as a ref erence for attitudes, private views of selfRead More Psychotherapy Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesMy preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are due to irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). I like that thisRead MorePsychotherapies for a Victim of Child Abuse662 Words   |  3 Pagesresulting in a near death experience, that sent her on a journey to recovery. There are several different psychotherapies that she could look into in order to get the assistance she needs such as: psychodynamic, client-centered, counterconditioning, or cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Each therapy is unique in their own way and potentially suitable for Annabel. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a form of therapy that focuses primarily on revealing the unconscious content of the client. The therapistRead MoreThe Korean-American Goldilocks of Psychotherapy 1146 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as psychotherapy. This response broadly reflects two of the predominant reasons why Korean-Americans largely oppose the notion of Western psychotherapy. For one, there is the widespread opinion among the Korean-American population that the psychotherapist or mental health specialist conceives of the problems and solutions using a framework that differs from the cultural beliefs held by Korean-Americans (Kim Ryu, 2005). Korean-Americans are inclined to believe that Western psychotherapy cannot

The Role Of Divine Revelation On The Human Thought Process...

Pre-suppositional is a belief that precedes all other beliefs or the most fundamental commitment of the heart. By this meaning, this indicates the role that divine revelation should play in the human thought process or a basic heart commitment. For the Christian that commitment is God as he is revealed in his word. While ones their ultimate commitment they cannot believe anything that conflicts with that commitment. For the unbeliever, to presuppose God in this perspective is for him to think, say or do something, contrary to his own predisposition. Another way of putting it is presuppositions are simply beliefs that everyone has that affect how they think, view the world, interpret evidence, and read the Bible. Apologetics is a reasoned defense of beliefs. An atheist’s presupposition will most likely be that there is no God and that truth is relative. 2.What consists of natural revelation? How is natural revelation evidence? What consist of natural revelation is things that embrace uniformity to nature, regularities in the natural, theories, experimental procedures and scientific method. Natural revelation is evidence because natural revelation infers that science demands the existence of God. 3.Define â€Å"certainty† from an apologetics perspective. Certainty, also known as certitude; by definition is the assurance of one’s beliefs and the impossibility of propositions being false. Certainty is something that is considered absolute, or can be proved. In terms of ApologeticsShow MoreRelatedRise and Decline of the Muslim Ummah9373 Words   |  38 Pagesresuscitation in the moribund body of the Muslim Ummah. If we look at it closely, the middle half of this century presents an astounding picture. On one hand, the process of decline and deterioration reached its lowest ebb in the events of 1967 and 1971. On the other hand, there was also a widespread movement towards revival and the beginning of a process of renewal. It commenced during the years 1920-1925. For the past fifty years these concurrent trends of degeneration and revival continued side by sideRead Moreâ€Å"Linking the Learnings of Bhagavad-Gita with Corporate Human Resource Management Practices†4227 Words   |  17 PagesTitle â€Å"Linking the Learning’s of Bhagavad-Gita with Corporate Human Resource Management Practices† Author Nishant Saxena Assistant Professor-HR Disha Institute of Management and Technology, Raipur Abstract: It is widely acknowledged that religion has a powerful influence over the human behavior. Human beings carry these learning’s to organizations, may be, in a dormant fashion. All religions have put forth basic guiding principles and tenets for mankind to follow. An interestingRead MoreMass Media and Evangelization in the Church8919 Words   |  36 Pagesworld of human beings, animals and plants and is an ever continuing process going on all the time. It is as necessary to human, animal and vegetable existence as life itself. Absence of communication and the life process wither and die. The need for communication is as basic as the hunger for food and drink, perhaps even more so. In the beginning after all, was the ‘word’ or ‘aum’; the first syllable even uttered. â€Å"Communication is the name we give to the countless ways that humans have ofRead MoreNstp Handouts13038 Words   |  53 Pagessecurity of the state and in fulfillment thereof, the government may require each citizen to render personal, military or civil service. †¢ What are the goals of the State from among the youth in nation building? 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The Theology of the Body is the term used to describe the teaching of Pope John Paul about the human person and human sexuality given during his Wednesday Catecheses in St. Peter’s Square between September 5, 1979 and November 28, 1984. John Paul II says that these catecheses could be called â€Å"Human Love in the Divine Plan† or â€Å"The Redemption of the Body and the Sacramentality of Marriage.† B. Various scholars, in different language groupings, will generallyRead MoreReligion Is Poison8248 Words   |  33 Pagesdifferent boundaries in human experience, religion is notoriously difficult to define partly due to two problems: they are too narrow and omit numerous belief systems which many agree are religious, or they are too broad, suggesting that everything is or can be a religion. Ideologies can exist in the form of religion or secularism. 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Marriage, in common with many other subjects which touch the personal happiness and vital interests of man and woman, is attracting new and general attention. This movement is in accordance with the universal laws of human progress. We are impelled by the evils we suffer, and allured by the hope of gaining more light andRead MoreBiblical Models of Servant Leadership13223 Words   |  53 PagesCHAPTER TWO THE NEED: BIBILICAL MODELS OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP Introduction There are basic attitudes which we see in the lives of those whom God called to servant leadership in the Bible. These include a serving attitude where the leader sees his[1] primary responsibility to those whom he leads as to serve and develop them to fulfill their God-given mandate. The leader serves by putting on a redeeming attitude, like Moses and Joshua. In other words he takes responsibility for

Crab Boy, King of the Kid-Crabbers free essay sample

On a little beach in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts, I was once known as Crab Boy, King of the Crabbers. Some of my happiest memories are of my familys summer vacations to the Red Jacket Inn on Cape Cod. The first summer I spent at the Cape, I was a baby. My family tells me I was fascinated with sand. I couldnt resist scooping up a clump and putting it in my mouth; it didnt taste good, but that didnt stop me. I loved the beach, and I loved the sand. The following summer, I discovered there was more to do at the beach than eating sand. I could dig in it and tunnel deep down. I could spread my wings and try to fly with the seagulls. Then one day, something amazing caught my eye. I looked out at the water toward the jetty, a forbidden place for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Crab Boy, King of the Kid-Crabbers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To my astonishment, I saw older kids pull a creature out of the rocks and put it into a bucket. There were creatures in the rocks? I couldnt contain my excitement, and I rushed over to them. They let me look in their bucket and there was an animal with two claws, a crab. I dreamt of the day when I would be old enough to go down to the water on my own and catch crabs. Finally that day came, and I didnt waste any time. I ran to the rocks, my new domain. Some experienced older kids taught me to use mussels, one of the crabs favorite foods, as bait. One boy shouted, Watch out for the crabs pinchers! Equipped with my large bucket and shovel, I was ready. I was fascinated by the sea and its abundance of creatures. After preparing my bait, I stuck my hand and a mussel into a crevice in the rocks. I was nervous. I didnt know if I would catch a crab or if the crab would catch me. To my delight, I felt something grab the mussel. My first crab! I put it in my bucket and found myself instantly fond of these strange creatures. Like me, crabs could easily be tempted by food. As the day went on, I discovered I was a natural crabber. Eventually, I stopped using mussels for bait. I would just stick my hands into the rocks and pull out crab after crab. I was the best crabber on the beach and kids came from all around to see the boy who caught the most crabs. They called me Crab Boy and asked me to share my crabbing wisdom with them. Now I was the teacher, but the master still had to learn the ultimate crabbing tool, the secret of the chicken leg on a string! I watched a man drop his drumstick into the crevices; when he pulled it out, several crabs were attached. He gave me a chicken leg and my crabbing efficiency increased tenfold. I looked with pride at my bucket of crabs; they were my treasures from the bottom of the ocean. As each day came to an end, unlike the other kid-crabbers who brought their buckets to their rooms, unwilling to part with their prized catch, I wanted my new friends to live full lives. I went down to the ocean, and one by one, I said goodbye and released them back into the ocean in the hopes of seeing them again the next day or the next time I returned to the Cape. My family no longer vacations on the Cape, and I have not crabbed since my last visit, but I consider my adventures on that little jetty among the most important moments in my life. This was my period of discovery during which I opened my eyes to the natural world. Getting my first glimpse into a world that existed beneath the surface sparked my fascination for science and the environment. If these amazing creatures existed so close within my grasp, close enough to find, but far enough to have to search for, what else was out there to discover, to learn about, and to hold in the palm of my hand? Like the crab to the chicken leg, I was caught; my quest for knowledge had begun.

Most Common Behavioral Disorders of Childhood free essay sample

This makes ADHD a major health concern. Up to 60% of these children will continue to have symptoms into adulthood. According to the National Institutes of Health, more than a million children take prescription medicines to control hyperactive behavior. The estimated cost to schools is about 3 billion dollars. There are other ways of treating ADHD and throughout this study we will discuss how to treat ADHD as well as explore how ADHD affects youth. ADHD is not only over diagnosed, but it is often mis-diagnosed, according to a recent study out of Germany. According to this research, many child and adolescent psychiatrists and psychologists in Germany have a picture in their heads of what an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder child or teen looks like, or acts like, and then a child or teen that fits that picture gets the diagnosis. In this process actual diagnostic criterion takes a back seat to â€Å"experience† or â€Å"heuristics. We will write a custom essay sample on Most Common Behavioral Disorders of Childhood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † But does this mean that ADHD is being â€Å"over diagnosed† because of poor diagnostic criteria, or due to poor diagnostic tools? No. Rather the problem is in the lack of using either diagnostic criteria or diagnostic tools. The reason for â€Å"over diagnosis† of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is sloppy diagnostic workups by these professionals. But the study was a little sloppy too. It draws â€Å"real world† conclusions from â€Å"pretend† or â€Å"theoretical† situations. No one examined actual patients or even their charts. So how do they know that in the real world that ADHD is being over diagnosed? The answer is that they dont. But they do have a better understanding of the process that busy professionals use in interpreting case vignettes that may or may not be Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Abdekhodaie, April 2012) Introduction The main focus of this paper will be to examine ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), and how it affects kids? I will also be exploring the cause of ADHD and what can be done to control this disorder without the use of medication. I predict that ADHD affects kids both mentally and physically. Mood swings are an e motional side effect of ADHD, affecting those of all ages with the condition. This symptom may prove hard to pinpoint, as changes in moods may also relate to stress or tense life situations, such as a divorce, moves and changes in school or jobs. Impulsivity is an emotional side effect of ADHD, which may cause individuals to become impatient and react inappropriately. Children with ADHD may receive discipline in school for blurting out comments and displaying seemingly rude behaviors. Anger is a normal human behavior. Individuals with ADHD, however, may have more trouble focusing on tasks and dealing with stress, which may cause frustration and heighten anger. (Martinez M, 2008) I predict that ADHD is not a result of bad parenting Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is not the result of bad parenting or obnoxious, willful defiance on the part of the child. Yes, a child may be willfully defiant whether he has Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or not. Defiance, rebelliousness, and selfishness are more often moral issues than neurological issues. We make no excuses for immoral, selfish, or destructive behaviors, whether from individuals with ADD ADHD or not. It may be true that the child or teens parents may need further or more in-depth training on parenting defiant children. We are constantly amazed at how many young parents today themselves grew up in homes where their own parents were gone all day. We now see grown up latch key kids trying to parent as best as they can, but without having had the benefit of growing up with good parental role models. This is a problem that can be solved with some training. But it is not Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD (Dawson, Catherine, 2002) I predict that ADHD can be controlled without medicine. If you or your children are struggling with ADHD, you need to understand that no matter how effective your medical treatment intervention might be, if you or your child is eating a bunch of junk your symptoms from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder will not improve! No treatment no matter how powerful can overcome eating junk foods. We have found that this ADHD Diet makes a huge difference with about 20% to 25% of those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder that try it even without using any other intervention. We strongly believe that whether one is using a medication such as Ritalin, or using a natural alternative such as Attend, that this type of eating program plays a big role in achieving success when used as a part of a treatment plan. Mentally Families considering treatment options should consult a qualified mental health professional for a complete review of their childs behavioral issues and a treatment plan. Children with ADHD are often more emotionally immature than their non-ADHD counterparts. This can be very pronounced, with children being several years below the emotional level of their classmates or slight, with just a small difference noted. ADHD can often cause problems in social situations, diagnosed children may have a hard time making friends or relating to other children the same age. In addition to emotional immaturity, self-esteem can be an issue. A child with ADHD may feel different or isolated, creating a low self-esteem. Emotional disorders, such as depression, anxiety or bipolar are also common in people with ADHD. These problems are persistent and usually cause difficulties in one or more major life areas: home, school, work, or social relationships. Clinicians base their diagnosis on the presence of the core characteristics and the problems they cause. Not all children and youth have the same type of ADHD because the disorder varies among individuals. Some may be hyperactive. Others may be under-active. Physically Methylphenidate, more commonly known as Ritalin, can be used as part of a treatment program for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. According to Medline Plus, Ritalin is a central nervous system stimulant and acts to change certain substances in the brain. Before you agree to give your child Ritalin, you should know how Ritalin affects physical development in children. As a stimulant, Ritalin can have an effect on the physical development of children. According to MayoClinic. com, stimulant medications may be associated with a lower growth rate in children. This growth slowing pertains to both a childs height and weight. One common side effect of Ritalin is a loss of appetite, and this can even lead to weight loss while on the drug. According to Novartis, the manufacturer of Ritalin, children who take Ritalin seven days a week throughout the year showed a temporary slowing of growth. This growth did not rebound while on the drug, and was consistent throughout the three year period studied. Non-medical Control Studies show that a high-protein, low-sugar, no-additive diet combined with ADHD-friendly supplements like fish oil and zinc can drastically improve ADHD symptoms in children with no side effects. Good nutrition can make a significant difference in the lives of children who have been diagnosed with attention deficit disorder (ADD/ADHD). Many parents are eager to try foods and supplements to help their kids manage ADHD symptoms, but they often don’t know where to start. I have identified and addressed the concern. A concern is identified for which there is no ready answer. The concern has arisen because of an interest, and has been present for a long time. This is now a research problem. Every person can be a bit absent-minded, restless, fidgety, or impulsive. So why these same patterns of behavior are considered normal for some people and symptoms of a disorder in others? Its partly a matter of degree. With ADHD, these behaviors occur far more than occasionally. They are the rule and not the exception. Unless a child understands his or her intellectual strengths and understands the potentially negative impacts of the ADHD, they may be confused by their inability to sustain success. Self-understanding (often aided by counseling) goes a long way in helping a person with this unique combination of traits and talents attain his or her fullest potential. Review of Related Literature (Background) Earlier studies point to the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to be similar around the world. There is, however, a wide variety in estimates. The prevalence of ADHD in youth has never been examined in France. Method: Starting with 18 million telephone numbers, 7,912 numbers are randomly selected. Among the 4,186 eligible families, 1,012 (24. 2%) are successfully recruited. A telephone interview is administered to all families about a child in the 6 to 12 age range. It covered family living situation, school performance, symptoms of ADHD, conduct disorder (CD), and oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), and other features of ADHD. Results: The prevalence of ADHD in France is between 3. 5% and 5. 6%. The population prevalence of treatment for ADHD is 3. 5%. ADHD youth are more likely to be men than women, and, compared to non-ADHD children, ADHD children are more likely to have CD and ODD. Having ADHD is associated with a family history of the disorder. The ADHD youth are more likely to have had learning difficulties, to have repeated a grade, and to be functioning academically below grade level. (Lecendreux, August 2011) Father residency appears to share some relationship with symptoms of ADHD, but when symptoms reach the level for a clinical diagnosis, father residency appears to share little relationship with severity of symptoms of ADHD. (Sulak, 2012) The results of pair wise comparisons showed that children with a family history of ADHD performed significantly worse than those without family history in the time production tasks and the time reproduction task. Logistic regression analysis showed duration discrimination had a significant role in predicting whether the children were suffering from ADHD or not, while temporal processing had a significant role in predicting whether the ADHD children had a family history or not. (Huang, 2012) Methodology (Methods) Outline for ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), and how it affects kids? Research Process: 1. Formulating the Research Problem is the first and most crucial step in the research process. Main function is to decide what you want to find out about. The way the problem is formulated determines almost every step after. Research in this study revolves around People and Problems: †¢ People- a group of individuals †¢ Problems- examine the existence of certain issues or problems relating to their lives; to ascertain attitude of a group of people towards ADHD 2. Extensive Literature Review: -Essential preliminary task in order to acquaint myself with the available body of knowledge in ADHD and how it affects kids. -Literature review is integral part of entire research process and makes valuable contribution to every operational step. Reviewing literature through the following functions: a. Bringing clarity and focus to the research problem; b. Improved methodology; c. Broaden my knowledge of ADHD; d. Contextualize my findings. 3. Developing the objectives; -Objectives are the goals I set out to attain in this study. -They inform a reader what is to be attained through the study. -It is extremely important to word them clearly and specifically. Objectives will be listed under two headings: a) Main objectives; b) Sub-objectives. 4. Preparing the Research Design including Sample Design; The preparation of research design, appropriate for a particular research problem, involves the consideration of the following: 1. Objectives of the research study. 2. Method of Data Collection to be adopted 3. Source of information—Sample Design 4. Tool for Data collection 5. Data Analysis qualitative and quantitative 5. Collecting the Data; Having formulated the research problem, developed the study design, constructed a research instrument and selected a sample, now I will collect the data from which inferences and conclusions for the study will be drawn. Then I will conduct interviews, research journals, and make observations. 6. Analysis of Data; Processing and analyzing data involves a number of closely related operations which are performed with the purpose of summarizing the collected data and organizing these in a manner that they answer the research objectives. The Data Processing operations are: 1. Editing- examine the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions and to correct these when possible. 2. Classification- arranges data in groups or classes on the basis of common characteristics. 7. Generalization and Interpretation; It is useful in both academic reports and work-related reports to include a section which shows how the research can be continued. It is useful to include this section because it shows that you are aware of the wider picture and that you are not trying to cover up something which you feel may be lacking in your own work. 8. Preparation of the Report of Formal write ups of conclusions reached. Include in your discussion how you will determine the validity and reliability of data collection tools. (Creswell, J. W. (2005). ) Validity is essential in research data. The data must be, in fact, what they are believed or purported to be. In other words, did we actually measure what we intended to measure, based on the focus of our ADHD and its affect on children? Validity of data obtained from the administration of tests (quantitative data) has been determined through examining various sources of evidence. (Mertler, C. amp; Charles, C. 2011. ) Reliability, a second essential characteristic of data, refers not to authenticity but to consistency. If you administer a certain test repeatedly under identical circumstances but find that you get different results each time, you would conclude that the test is unreliable. If, however, you get similar results each time you administer the test, you would consider the results reliable and therefore potentially useful. In this research we conclude that our results are reliable and therefore potentially useful. (Mertler, C. amp; Charles, C. 2011. ) Conclusions and Recommendations The current study aimed to investigate Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and its affect on children grades k through 6. ADHD affects millions of people-some 3 to 5% of the general population. It covers how to manage ADHD with medication or without, what parents can do to help, and how to thrive with ADHD throughout the lifespan. It also offers effective academic and behavioral interventions for school, and helpful accommodations for the workplace. After several interviews with teachers currently dealing with students that have been diagnosed with ADHD, all agreed that most cases are mis-diagnosed and those students are placed on medicine without further examination. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is not the result of bad parenting or obnoxious, willful defiance on the part of the child. It is my recommendation that there be a more structured procedure that will not allow a child to be diagnosed with this disorder without additional psychiatric treatment. References Martinez M, et al. Psychopharmacology. In: Hales RE. Textbook of Psychiatry. Arlington, Va. : American Psychiatric Publishing; 2008. Plizska S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2007; 46:894. Abdekhodaie, Zahra; Tabatabaei, Seyed Mahmood; Gholizadeh, Mortaza,†The Investigation of ADHD Prevalence in Kindergarten Children in Northeast Iran and a Determination of the Criterion Validity of Conners Questionnaire via Clinical Interview†, Research in Developmental Disabilities: A Multidisciplinary Journal, v33 n2 p357-361 Mar-Apr 2012 Booster, Genery D. DuPaul, George J. ; Eiraldi, Ricardo; Power, Thomas J. , â€Å"Functional Impairments in Children with ADHD: Unique Effects of Age and Comorbid Status† Journal of Attention Disorders, v16 n3 p179-189 Apr 2012 Bruchmuller, Katrin; Margraf, Jurgen; Schneider, Silvia, â€Å"Is ADHD Diagnosed in Accord with Diagnostic Criteria? Over diagnosis and Influ ence of Client Gender on Diagnosis† Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, v80 n1 p128-138 Feb 2012 Creswell, J.

Free Essays on Microprocessor

Embedded microprocessors and embedded microcontrollers are similar but different at the same time. Both have the ability to run a task. But the microcontroller is more of a self sufficiant computer than the microprocessor. The microprocessor is more of a the component that drives your computer. A microprocessor is a computer processor on a microchip. It's sometimes called a logic chip. It is the "engine" that goes into motionwhen yopu turn your computer on. A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations that make use of small number-holding areas called registers. Typical microprocessor operations include adding, subtracting, comparing two numbers, and gathering numbers from one place and moving it to another. These operations are the results of a set of instructions that are part of the microprocessor design. When the computer is turned on, the microprocessor is designed to get the first instruction from the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) that comes with the computer as part of its memory. After that either the BIOS, the operating system that BIOS loads into memory, or an application program is "driving" the microprocessor. One of the former are giving the microprocessor instructions to perform. A microcontrolller is a highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, IO ports, and timers. Unlike a general-purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task. They are generally used to control a particular system. As a result, the parts can be simplified and reduced, which cuts down on production costs. For both microprocessors and microcontrollers embedded mean that they are part of a larger system. The microprocessor bus discussed most often is the data bus; the bundle of wires (or pins) used to send and receive data. The more si... Free Essays on Microprocessor Free Essays on Microprocessor Embedded microprocessors and embedded microcontrollers are similar but different at the same time. Both have the ability to run a task. But the microcontroller is more of a self sufficiant computer than the microprocessor. The microprocessor is more of a the component that drives your computer. A microprocessor is a computer processor on a microchip. It's sometimes called a logic chip. It is the "engine" that goes into motionwhen yopu turn your computer on. A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations that make use of small number-holding areas called registers. Typical microprocessor operations include adding, subtracting, comparing two numbers, and gathering numbers from one place and moving it to another. These operations are the results of a set of instructions that are part of the microprocessor design. When the computer is turned on, the microprocessor is designed to get the first instruction from the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) that comes with the computer as part of its memory. After that either the BIOS, the operating system that BIOS loads into memory, or an application program is "driving" the microprocessor. One of the former are giving the microprocessor instructions to perform. A microcontrolller is a highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, IO ports, and timers. Unlike a general-purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task. They are generally used to control a particular system. As a result, the parts can be simplified and reduced, which cuts down on production costs. For both microprocessors and microcontrollers embedded mean that they are part of a larger system. The microprocessor bus discussed most often is the data bus; the bundle of wires (or pins) used to send and receive data. The more si...

A Guide to Internal Punctuation

A Guide to Internal Punctuation A Guide to Internal Punctuation A Guide to Internal Punctuation By Mark Nichol This post outlines the functions of punctuation marks employed within a sentence: the comma, the semicolon, the colon, and ellipses. Comma A comma performs a number of functions, including setting off elements of a list (â€Å"I’m going to order soup, salad, and an entrà ©e†) combining with a conjunction to separate two independent clauses (â€Å"She ordered dinner, but she declined the dessert menu†) separating a preceding dependent clause from the main clause (â€Å"Depending on the size of the entrà ©e, I might not order dessert†) separating a nonrestrictive relative clause from the main clause (â€Å"We were overwhelmed by the menu, which was six pages long†) setting off an adverb from the main clause (â€Å"Ordinarily, I would not order dessert†; â€Å"I would, ordinarily, not order dessert†; â€Å"I would not order dessert, ordinarily†) framing parenthetical phrases (â€Å"I will, just this once, order dessert†) setting off an appositive (â€Å"My favorite dessert, cheesecake, is missing from the menu†) setting off coordinate adjectives (â€Å"I feel like having a big, thick slice of cheesecake for dessert†) setting off an attribution from a quotation (â€Å"My friend said, ‘I’m going to order dessert’†) setting off one or more words identifying the subject of direct address (â€Å"John, are you going to order dessert?†) setting off a date from a year and parenthesizing the year (â€Å"January 1, 2018, dawned just like any other day†) setting off a city name from a state or country name and parenthesizing the state or country name (â€Å"Lebanon, Kansas, is the geographic center of the contiguous United States†) setting off a surname from a given name when the first-name, last-name order is inverted (â€Å"She is listed as ‘Doe, Jane’†) indicating ellipsis of one or more words (â€Å"Everything was as I remembered it- the church was white, the barn, red†). A comma should not separate a subject and a verb (as in the erroneous sentence â€Å"The tiramisu, is sublime†) except when it is closing a parenthetical phrase (â€Å"The tiramisu, as expected, is sublime†) or setting off repetition of a verb (â€Å"What it is, is sublime†). Likewise, a verb and its direct object should not be split asunder (as shown in the incorrectly punctuated sentence â€Å"She intuitively grasped, that she was in trouble.†) Another error that involves a comma is a comma splice, in which a comma, rather than a stronger punctuation mark such as a semicolon or a dash, appears between two independent clauses not separated by a conjunction, as in â€Å"You see a half-empty glass, I see a half-full one.† (An exception can be made for brief declarations, as in Julius Caesar’s famous summary â€Å"I came, I saw, I conquered.†) Semicolon The semicolon has two primary functions. First, it unites two closely related independent clauses, as in â€Å"You see a half-empty glass; I see a half-full one.† (In such cases, it takes the place of a period or a conjunction; including both a semicolon and a conjunction is an error.) Second, it replaces two or more commas in an in-line list (a list with a sentence) when one or more of the list items itself includes commas, as in â€Å"The names, as listed, are Doe, Jane; Jones, William; and Smith, John† or â€Å"I spotted many squirrels; several deer; and a hawk, an osprey, and a heron.† (If the list organization is obvious, as when list items begin with distinct verbs, commas may be employed, as in â€Å"She shopped at the supermarket, visited the bank and the credit union, and ran errands at the hardware store, the drugstore, and the dry cleaner’s.†) Earlier usage included setting off coordinate clauses in complex sentences or to otherwise signal a more pronounced pause than a comma would suggest, but these approaches, especially the former, are outdated. In quoted material, a semicolon always follows a close quotation mark. Also, the mark may seem too formal in the midst of a sentence in quotation marks; a dash more clearly conveys a transition to a separate assertion or idea, as in â€Å"Mary said, ‘Don’t go in the abandoned house- it’s not safe in there’† rather than â€Å"Mary said, ‘Don’t go in the abandoned house; it’s not safe in there.’† Colon A colon precedes quoted material set up by a complete statement rather than an attribution (â€Å"His reply was succinct: ‘Not a chance’†) an explanation (â€Å"We declined the invitation primarily for one reason: He insists on driving, and we don’t feel safe as his passengers†) a list (â€Å"The meal consists of the following courses: appetizer, salad, entrà ©e, and dessert†). It is also employed between pairs of numbers to represent ratios (â€Å"The results indicate a 5:3 ratio†) in references to time (â€Å"The next train is at 1:35†) in numerical representations of elapsed time (â€Å"The record stands at 3:26.00†) when citing biblical verses (â€Å"John 3:16 expresses the same sentiment†). A colon also separates a book’s title and subtitle or, in bibliographies, the city where a publisher is located and the name of the publisher. In formal writing, it follows the salutation. A colon always follows a close quotation mark. Ellipses Ellipsis means omission, but it primarily refers to a succession of three periods, called ellipses, usually interspersed with letter spaces, or a single symbol representing three periods. Style guides differ in which form is preferred, but the ellipsis symbol looks cramped, and use of ellipses (a series of periods) is more visually pleasing. Ellipses represent omission of one or more words in the middle of a sentence (â€Å"A friend . . . knows all about you and still loves you†); generally, they are unnecessary when omitting what precedes a partial quotation. The use of ellipses as terminal punctuation will be discussed in a separate post. Dash Uses of the dash are detailed in this post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before Words"Confused With" and "Confused About"10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

Organizational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Organizational behavior - Essay Example This gives the individual participators a sense of personal achievement (Heller, 1999). In addition, competent persons who can perform irrespective of absence of effective leadership can reach higher heights if there is effective leadership to guide and motivate them. Bright ideas, best interest, and sound business knowledge are key ingredients to a successful business, but these are not enough. Effective leadership is required to bring people together with an aim to achieve common goals of the organization (Yourarticlelibrary.com, 2014). Effective leadership is inevitable for making things happen in the consistently changing market dynamics. An organization must invest in effective leadership in order to remain relevant in a business environment with ever changing competition, profile of people joining the organization, legal, political, and social-cultural environment (Stanfielf, 2009). In addition, organizations face challenges that are specific to them. Strategies need to be developed to deal with these challenges. Effective leadership is fundamental in the formulation of appropriate strategies and implementation of these strategies to propel organizations in the right direction. If there are two teams of equal competence, but one team lacks effective leadership, the team with effective leadership will certainly win over the team that lacks effective leadership (Adair, 1983).Effective leadership at all levels of an organization increases the chances of survival of an organization. It also enables to sustain the g rowth of the organization and realization of organization’s full capacity (Fenimore and Nirenberg, 2004) Effective leadership is characterized with empowerment of employees through inclusion in decision-making, enhanced communication and consideration of individual needs and rights of the employees. The subsequent effect of effective leadership is enhanced employees commitment to the

EPIDEMIOLOGY and BIOSTATISTICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

EPIDEMIOLOGY and BIOSTATISTICS - Essay Example Specific Tests are required more when a rare disease in question. However for such a communicable disease, early detection is a must and hence the more sensitive test i.e Test B should be chosen. 2. Physicians practising in the general community often find that on the average chronic debilitating conditions such as multiple sclerosis or connective tissue diseases lead to less disability and fewer complications than they were led to expect from reading reports in medical literature on the natural history of these conditions. Why do you think this is the case? Ans 2. The chronic debilitating conditions mentioned in these diseases is a subjective and dependant variable concern. Multiple factors affect the incidence and complexity of the above mentioned diseases. Or it could be the case that, Medical awareness in the community is high so these conditions get cured before reaching an advance stage. Thus all this could contribute to the fact that these chronic conditions seem to occur with less disability and fewer complications than they were led to expect from reading reports in medical literature on the natural history of these conditions. 3. Surgeons at hospital A report that mortality rate at the end of one year follow up period after a coronary by-pass operation is 15%. At hospital B the surgeons report a 1-year mortality rate of only 8% after the same procedure. What would you find out before concluding that surgeons at hospital B perform the operation with greater skill? Referral Bias is an important factor to be considered while determining the skill in the above case. A might be getting more complicated disease cases. Even for the same disease, it might get a disease in a more advanced stage. Thus even for the same number of cases, the mortality rate of the two hospitals is not comparable. 4. The following table shows data from a

Rene Descartes and a discription Essay Example for Free

Rene Descartes and a discription Essay Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was not only a philosopher but also a mathematician and scientist. As a philosopher, he used skepticism as a means of finding the truth of all. His idea was to doubt everything, and in doubting everything, anything that couldnt be doubted was definite. I will doubt everything that can possibly be doubted, he reasons, and if anything is left, then it will be absolutely certain. (Moore/Bruder 93) This, Descartes felt was the only way to obtain truth and knowledge. This method was to take away all the confidence in everything that was taught to us, what we sense and believe, and the things we take as being obvious. To truly determine if we know anything is for certain we must doubt it all disregarding all we knew about it before. So everything we currently believe is open to discussion and can be questioned. Descartes Method of Doubt incorporated two well-known conjectures, a dream conjecture and the evil demon conjecture. What the dream conjecture is, is the notion that everything that is reality might just be a dream. Adding to the dream conjecture, is the evil demon conjecture. This evil demon conjecture, in essence, is the concept that if this all [reality], is just a dream, then perhaps there is an evil demon that is deceiving our minds with these false images of reality. So, we cant assume that our bodies or that anything of our experience exists and can be trusted to be true. For everything we know could be just a dream and not real at all and controlled by a deceiver. No, Descartes was not out of his mind. He was aware that these two conjecture he composed sounded far-fetched. However, that was the whole point. Descartes was on a quest to find certainty in an any-case-possibility. What Descartes came up with after going through and doubting everything was the cogito, ergo sum or I think, therefore I am. What this meant was if you are thinking, you are existing. The self that doubts its own existence must surely exist to be able to doubt in the first place. (Moore/Bruder 93) Subsequently, this was the only true thing we can know to be real. We know that we exist at least in a form of a mind. So we can doubt our physical existence but not our mental existence because you can think. To take this a step further he developed the clear and distinct test. The clear and distinct test was a test to find out what was true with clarity and distinctness. Meaning, anything that is clear and distinct is true. Using this clear and distinct test, Descartes came to the conclusion that God, in fact, exists. Descartes believed he viewed God clearly and distinctively, and further, God would not let an evil demon toy with his mind, if such a thing did exist. Descartes also thought that there were two distinct substances beyond God, and these two substances were material substance and mind substance. The material substance was all that exists and occupies space and the mind substance is that of thought. Because a substance, according to Descartes, requires nothing other than itself to exist, it follows that mind and matter are totally independent of each other. (Moore/Bruder 95) The result to these two substances being independent of each other is called parallelism. The mind, they argued, does not really cause the body to move. When I will that my hand should move, my act of willing only appears to cause my hand to move. (Moore/Bruder 97)Descartes felt that God was the one who was involved in the mental things that happened and the sequence of material actions. He believed God was the reason those two things happened to happen together. This idea was called occasionalism. Descartes was first to make this systematic account of the mind and body relationship, and also the souls contact with the body. (Rorty). Descartes essentially through everything, approached all metaphysical issues by going back and trying to pick apart everything about the basic things. Descartes tried to discover metaphysical truth about what is through epistemological inquiry about what can be know. (Moore/Bruder 97) The profit of Descartes ideas is that in the dismissal of everything makes you question and look at elements that may be overlooked because it is human to draw on experience. So, to clear oneself of all former beliefs leaves everything wide open for exploration and opens up a wider scope. The problem I find in his distinct and clear theory is Descartes proof of Gods existence. In proving the existence of God he uses circular reasoning. This circular reasoning is called the Cartesian Circle. The Cartesian Circle is the circular reasoning that, on one hand, we can only know that God exists because we clearly and distinctively perceive it, and on the other hand, we can only know that our clear and distinct perceptions are true because God exits. (Loeb 200-235) This type of reasoning doesnt make any concrete conclusions on the existence of God. It just keeps going around in a circle, one right after the other. Descartes believe that only his perceptions could be deceived not his mind. So since God was good and perfect, he wouldnt allow him to be deceived, therefore God exists. To explain his ideas on the existence of God, Descartes states that if one can have an idea of a perfect being, which is God, then a perfect being must exist if we can think it in our minds. All of this to me, doesnt show any solid proof. Even though you can think something in your mind, doesnt mean it must exits. I can think lots of things in my mind personally, that doesnt necessary mean that somewhere, maybe not in the physical world I experience, truly exists. Also, if God did exists, and if God is perfect, as Descartes claims, then why does Atheism and such religious beliefs exist? Wouldnt perfection be if God could exist and not be questionable? Because what Descartes believes is all that we can perceive clearly and distinctively exists, and he had not given any way that explains how you can perceive God clearly and distinctively, other than stating he can perceive in his mind. Also, another thing that is a problem in Descartes method is his goal of proving the existence of the outside world was not valid by any substantial means. There is no proof that any physical object exists aside from a near universal belief that the external world exists. What Descartes says, is that since God makes us believe that there is an external world, then there must be one. However, there are lots of mistakes in his proof of God and it isnt truly valid. So, therefore we cannot say anything in this external world does exist or either God, based on the knowledge I have obtained on the subject matter on Descartes. From what I have read on Descartes and his philosophical ideas, there are many holes and things to argued; as Im sure is in most theories. Nonetheless, even though his ideas arent entirely credible to myself, I feel that his contributions to the field of philosophy are eminent. Descartes had brought lots of old questions of past philosophers and tried to rationalize them, he failed in my opinion to come up with any competent answers for what he was trying to prove. However, he did prompt other philosophers in his progression to come up later with some better answers to some of these ideas.

Torvald Helmer of Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

Torvald Helmer of Henrik Isben's A Doll's House In Henrik Isben's A Doll's House, he makes the observation that women in contemporary society posses no independent self unrestricted from the male's image of them; Isben accomplishes this through the character relationship between Torvald Helmer and his wife Nora. Henrik Isben sought to show the psychological complexity of realism underneath the surface of a typical urban bourgeoisie or professional class family. Thus in doing so, brings out the central conflict between the idealistic Torvald and this underlying theme demonstrated through Nora. Ultimately, it is because of Torvald's completely inflexible and self-righteous attitudes towards life and his moralistic values, that Nora is driven from her role of submisiveness in his game of male dominance to seek her own identity. Hel. (walking about the room). What a horrible awakening! All these eight years-she who was my joy and pride-a hypocrite, a liar-worse, worse-a criminal! The unutterable ugliness of it all! For shame! For shame! ...(62) It is only when she has found this sense of a self that she had been denying and sacrificing all these years, that she can truly begin to love others. Hel. Before all else you are a wife and a mother. Nora. I don't believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human being just as you are-or, at all events, that I must try and become one. (68) This game which she had been playing with her father before, and now with the close-minded Torvald, she finally realizes, is the "Dolls House" she's been living in for all her life, never finding out who she truly is. Nora. But our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll wife, just as at home I was Papa's doll child; and here the children have been my dolls. I thought it was great fun when you played with me,

Bill Gates & Steven Jobs

Bill Gates & Steven Jobs The technology term today is growing rapidly in hi competitor between different companies, and between different company leaders, and in this essay I will compare two famous people in this field. These two famous persons are Bill Gats Steven Jobs . However, Gates and Stevens share some surprising similarities. Some of you may think that because Gates and Jobs work at the same field; which is technology. These two persons are similar because of three main reasons, they have the same characteristic, the same education situation, and the same failed of the job.One major similarity of these two persons is the special characteristics that they have. For example, both Steven Jobs and Bill Gates are intelligent innovative thinkers who have always new things to show and give to the world, and also both of them are known as the best-known entrepreneur of the personal computer revolution in the modern age. Moreover, Bill Gates has this energetic spirit which spread to cover all the people who are surrounding him, and also Steven Job had this special thing which admires the others and encourages them. Therefore, because of these special qualities that they both have they become famous and popular.Another similarity between Gates and Steven is the situation that they both had in their education. They both had been dropped from the college and then they complete studying by their self. Actually, Bill Gates had been dropped from Harvard University because he had some problems in studying in the sophomore year. On the other hand, Steven Jobs had been dropped from Reed University because he had some problems in covering the tuition fees. Moreover, Steven Jobs and Bill Gates have big similarity because of the same field that the both work in which is technology.To illustrate, Steven Jobs worked at Apple, and he is the best known as co- founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. In contrast, Bill Gates is the best known chairman of Microsoft company , and everybody know well that these two companies are the greatest in technology From the information given, we can say that these two persons are the largest contributors of the modern technology revolution. Also, we can infer that there a lot of similarities between them which represented in characteristic, education, and the field of job. Therefore, these people perpetuate their names for their big achievements that they did.

Brave heart and Leadership Theories

Brave heart is the movie chosen for discussion and the leadership concepts to be elaborated upon include Traits Theory, Transformational Leadership theory and Contingency Theory. Main characters of the story include William Wallace William who is basically a Scottish rebel and leads an uprising movement against Edward, who is the English Ruler. Since he grew up in a family where he lost his father and brothers in the quest of freeing Scotland, he takes upon him to free his land from the tyrannical ruler of England.William Wallace, as explained earlier, grew up in a household where everyone had been involved in the conquest of freeing their country from the ruler to end his tyrannical rule. In essence, Wallace grew up absorbing the traits and qualities of leadership, spirit and justice from his own family and household. The movie starts with the nobility of Scotland being hanged and Wallace’s father and brother going to fight against England along with their clan.Since then, Wa llace lived with his uncle and learnt his values of fighting and justice from there on. The trait theory justifies his thinking and logic during leadership since Wallace had been around fighting and nobility since his birth and therefore, learnt his skills and built his intelligence by being around the duels between Scotts and English. His legendary skills include his cunning and logic in the midst of fighting and war, and his bravery and intelligence in creating defense attacks for his cavalry.The next theory under discussion is the contingency theory of leadership. The contingency theory of leadership indicates that the leader adapts to various facilities and vicinities around him or her and develops a leadership style that fits the circumstances. In order to prove himself, Wallace undertook upon himself to become a leader for his clan and even though he was an ordinary man and not of noble birth, fight against the English to gain Scotland as a free nation.In the movie, we see tha t he basically had to prove himself before he became the leader for his crowd. This is an indication of the contingency theory, since he had to adapt to the circumstances before gaining the strength and trust of his clan around him. Therefore, he took action whenever it was required, and in many cases, risked his own life in order to save other peoples’ lives. He then went ahead to lead his people in wars and battles. Moreover, he would fight with all his might to win the battles he chose for himself.In that way, he would define his objective and fight for it to attain his objectives in the best possible manner. The contingency theory fits him in this regard, as we see that Wallace would adapt himself to the situation, and how the circumstances would call, and then he would show his strength and might to lead his people in the battles that ensued. The next theory under discussion is transformational leadership theory. As it is known, Wallace was not of noble birth, nor did he grow up learning to fight in battles.He was, nonetheless, an exceptional fighter and a strategist that led him to success and helped him lead people in battles. His only aim was to fight for freedom which was basically due to his circumstances and the way he grew up. His circumstances led him to put up a fight against the system and achieve his means which he did so quite successfully. He emulated success in his leadership since he grew up to be a fighter led through by his circumstances. His transformation came about by learning to live against the system and growing to fight against it.

Devices in Death of A Salesman Essay Example

Devices in Death of A Salesman Essay Example Devices in Death of A Salesman Paper Devices in Death of A Salesman Paper Essay Topic: Death Of a Salesman In Arthur Millers work of drama, Death of a Salesman, conflicts within an ordinary nuclear family arise and manifest into more serious issues as the play progresses. However, Miller also manages to highlight a much larger issue within the plot- the pursuit of the American Dream in relation to issues regarding values vs. American capitalism. Blogger and literary analyst, Brett Correman explains Death ofa Salesman explores the world of post-war America and the effect that Americas new found prosperity had on men. During the 1950s, men began to feel pressured to not ust provide for their family but to also give them the luxuries that society was coming to believe every household was entitled to. Every family deserved a house with a picket fence, a new car in the garage, and all the newest appliances to make life easier. Advertisers pitched the idea that the American Dream was in reach of every man. Yet the reality then, as it is now, is that strenuously reaching to keep up with the Joneses can stretch a family perilously thin. Unfortunately, Willy Loman bought into the idea and he let it destroy him and his family. Theres nothing wrong with wanting to provide nice things for your family; Willy Just went about it all wrong. Miller charges America with selling a false myth constructed around a capitalist materialism nurtured by the postwar economy, a materialism that obscured the personal truth and moral vision of the original American Dream described by the countrys founders (Sparknotes. om) In the play, the protagonist Willy Loman is a salesman in his sixties who has been a loyal employee at the Wagner Company over the past thirty-four years. Though his Job reflects his monotonous life, he is a clear- cut example of the phrase, Get rich or die trying. One may agree with me in saying that Willys character seems lazy in achieving the American Dream though he shows great passion in wanting to achieve it. Willy believes in achieving the Dream by popularity like his neighbor Charleys son Bernard who is actual ly popular because of his strides in academia. Willy also tries to live the Dream through the life of his own son, Biff, who actually has a different approach to living his American Dream which nclude freeing himself from his fathers idealistic expectations and becoming his own man. Within the play, various literary elements were explored but the end of the play (pages 81- 107) showed three distinct elements that helped to make the plot clearer for the modern day individual to understand. The first element was the thematic concerns of the final act which included Dreams vs. Reality and The Effects of Capitalism. The first theme of Dreams vs. Reality seems to be overplayed in this work of drama but it is portrayed by the impression that Mr. Loman is losing his mind for example, he has a long intimate conversation with his dead brother Ben as he plans to end his life in the denouement. Stage directions help to enhance this scene as the character of Bens ghost appears in the garden where Willy is, He breaks off as Ben appears at the right and moves slowly down to him. However, one may be able to state that here the voice of Ben acts as Willys conscience in that as Willy justifies the need to end his life for Biff to reap the savings of the life insurance while Ben objects by remarking Its called a cowardly thing William. As the play draws closer to the end the character of Ben argues with Willy insisting that he is making a terrible decision. Willy never fully comes to terms with reality as he lives in his dreams which range from his self-delusion that he has achieved great things at work or his past that he revisits during his frequent flashbacks. His dreams are so far stretched from reality that critic, Brett Correman states that it is ultimately Willy Lomans denial of reality that leads to his downfall. The theme of the Effects of Capitalism is also one that has been embodied by the entire plot of the play but more so in the last act as it shows what the actual pressures of the Western World has degraded a man into becoming- depressed, uneasy and helpless. In a statement to Ben, Willy is able to capture the real effect of capitalism to the reader, Oh Ben, how do we get back to all the great times? Used to be so full of light.. always some kind of good news coming up. This describes the past, in Willys younger days before he made this Dream a life goal. This theme identifies with even the modern day reader as the majority of the working class still strives for materialistic gains to achieve ultimate happiness even if in that process, more discomfort occurs. The second literary element in this play is symbolism. This literary device is recurrent throughout the play especially toward the end as again the ongoing conflict between Willy and Biff is expressed through Biff having to withstand his fathers negative comments toward his life choices. One example of this is the insult mfoure no good, youre no good for anything. Though it is in context with the argument about Olivers pen, the audience is aware that Willy is blatantly referring to his discontentment with his son not allowing him to live out his dream through him (BifO. This symbolizes modern day life when parents push their children to get the best out of formal education so as to achieve the goals they themselves were unable to in their youth. However, if the childs dreams differ from that of the parents, serious conflicts arise leading to a breakdown in the household. Another aspect of symbolism in this play is the name f protagonist, Willy Loman. The name Loman is of Irish origin and means small bare one. This in itself says a lot about Willys life and his financial state. His name in the literal form too, gives the reader the idea that he belongs to the lower social class. Bens ghost is another symbolic element that helps readers to understand not only Willys deteriorating mental state but to mirror his characters dream of becoming rich like his brother to his reality of being a salesman. The last element of symbolism in the play is Willys funeral. The fact that only his family attended the funeral shows ow worthless he lived his life. The small group of people even paying their respects is probably only present because he was their husband and father. Furthermore, it symbolizes how the modern world lives- working everyday trying to achieve materialistic gains, wanting to be popular and forgetting things that really matter such as family life. In the end you end up with neither. The third literary element is dramatic irony. The first instance of this is at the end of play where Willys funeral is described as a cruel and pathetic end to the salesmans life. Only his family and Charley attend, while none of his other customers, friends, or colleagues bothers to pay their respects. Even Linda in the requiem addresses the irony of his small funeral by asking But where are all the people he knew? This alone clarifies that Willys self-acclaimed popularity was conjured in his own mind, in a way to cope with his mediocre lifestyle. The last ironic element occurs when Linda claims that she has made the final payment on the home that Willy has worked so hard to pay for but he ends his life Just as a sense of financial security is made possib le for them after his hirty-five years of working, therefore, depriving himself of the results of his years of dedicated toil and service to the Wagner Company. Citations: Death ofa Salesman. Sparknotes. com. 1 November 2013 Correman, Brett. Lessons in Unmanliness: Willy Loman. Theartofmanliness. com. 1 November 2013 Ross, Jeremy. Weinbloom, Elizabeth ed. Death of a Salesman Study Guide : Summary and Analysis of Requiem. GradeSaver, 06 June 2009 Web. 6 November 2013 Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Study Guide: Conflict. PinkMonkey, 5 July 2007 web. 7th 2013

Free sample - Argue or accept. translation missing

Argue or accept. Argue or acceptAny language at any time is prone to changes and development. Such evolution may have its pros and cons since it has power either to cause increase or decrease of language nature. After all, should the flow of thoughts be flawless and what is ‘good language’? These thorny questions concern English as well the modern variant of which makes linguists reveal the influential factors and the effects of such tendencies. Thus, concluding from George Orwell, English language has undergone and still continues to, evolutionary turn which is marked by ‘slovenliness’, ‘imitation’, ‘ugliness’ and on the whole ‘prefabricated hen-house’. The author points out that contemporary writing is full of mental faults and badly lacks any precision and sense. He provides a number of such misusage tools among which he names dying metaphor, orators or verbal false limbs, pretentious diction and meaningless words. The scope of these ‘tricks’ makes language expression stale and vague. Orwell mentions a dead metaphor which is actually neither an ordinary word nor a vivid one since a transferred image has lost its power as in â€Å"to fish for compliments†, â€Å"branch of government†, â€Å"to fall in love† etc. Such metaphors became trite with the time and no longer produce the effect of freshness and expressiveness. Let’s take an example â€Å"to give a hand of help† which initially did render the metaphorical meaning â€Å"to help somebody† and was really bright and fresh-colored because hand is viewed as sort of support when a person tries to console a friend. For now the phrase no longer needs the word ‘help’ as the meaning becomes clear enough for everyone. Moreover, the writer focuses on another type of metaphor which he calls ‘worn-out’ because it is not as expressive and ‘evocative’ as they previously used to be. He believes the reason why people continue to use them lies in t heir not willing to think of and produce new imaginary patterns. So, we still have at our disposal the phrases like Cassandra’s warning, Hercules’ labor, to sow the sand, seeds of evil etc. The author insists that inconsistent use of metaphors is often caused by the person’s lack if not absence of understanding what he or she really wants to say. This altogether is supposed to indicate the user’s indifference in the issue. Still, a question is dubious. In my opinion, such overlapping and miscomprehension are the result of ignorance and scarce literacy that is why we watch the examples which are blurry. People just don’t thoroughly understand what these or those words mean. I think the use of even dead metaphors must be appropriate and up to a point then the reader or a listener won’t be misled as in to tow the line instead if toe the line. Another point that the writer touches is excessive verbosity that provokes inflated speech pattern. Why not simply say for instance to â€Å"attract† for â€Å"grip one’s attention† or â€Å"conclude† for â€Å"to arrive at conclusion†? There is plenty of clear well-known ‘general-purpose verbs’ to express the same idea without needless long-chain phrases. Surprisingly, such verbosity may entail striking and controversial gobbledygook which means â€Å"inflated, jargon-cluttered prose that fails to communicate clearly†(About.com). Thus, let’s look through some astonishing examples of words reconsidered usage that can’t but impress many of us. There was conducted a sort of survey where the participants were asked to provide situations of weird language use which totally put them out of temper. Some of the surveyed included errors in word usage, clichà ©, misspelling, abundance, jargon, slang into this group of oddities but there were those who were even shocked by the way their language can be reversed – the most ardent representatives of English defenders. Here are some of the cases: @ (instead of "at"), aks but not â€Å"ask†, a lot for â€Å"a lot†, decimate (to mean the total annihilation of something, rather than a tenth), mispronunciation of â€Å"definitely† which acquired the for ms of definly, defaly, and definally, ex cetera instead of "et cetera", grammatically incorrect use of ‘has’ for "have," as in â€Å"there’s been two accidents†. The list of such language jeer-and-sneer application may be continued but I’m afraid I won’t endure it either! Whether such novelties are caused by fashionable twist of mind or maybe we so much lack of entertainment in our everyday hustle and bustle life that we are forced to bring jollity into language? Who knows. However, I am more than convinced that the vast set of tools a language can provide us with should be used reasonably not to spam the language at all. Another not least amusing process of language use which Orwell discussed in his work as pretentious diction is represented by euphemism – a tool to replace offensive or disagreeable remarks or statements. The ways of how these language mean can be coined is really diverse. The role of euphemisms can be helpful if used in cases like â€Å"not too slender† for â€Å"fat†, Afro-American for â€Å"Niger† etc. taking into account ethic and political reasons or even more humoristic like to â€Å"powder one’s nose: "Where can I powder my nose?" in case of ‘restroom’, â€Å"full and frank discussion† to render the meaning of â€Å"argument† – we had a full and frank discussion with my business partner. But there are too much more mind-tangling examples as in the circumlocution (periphrasis). The actual meaning of this instrument is to ‘talk around’, that is to say something but totally hide what you have said for instance when a person wants to conceal what he or she really thinks an intricate figure of speech accismus can help which is also called the oh-you-shouldn't-have figure. To be more precise we sometimes get into situations when we are presented with a gift but you refuse as if of modesty saying ‘the gift is not necessary, a check will be quite enough’ (Figures of speech served fresh. Monday, October 10, 2005). All in all, I am more inclined to think that there can’t be univocal assertion that modern English is really in state of decline. Many men many minds, so to my mind it is more a matter of overall literacy and erudition that signifies right or wrong language usage and relevance of these or those figures of speech, since an educated person has a wit to analyze the information he or she receives and therefore is able to decipher the hidden codes.

Criticizing an Argument by Analogy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criticizing an Argument by Analogy - Essay Example ion, articulating that they feel as if a friend has been lost, and demonstrate the signs of opiate-withdrawal, augmented anxiety, aggravation, and misery. Drugs make individuals behave this way too, and these are the typical indicators of an addict in refutation. The recent experiments in the USA that illustrate that the typical American watches over 4 hours of TV each day, as well as 49% of those, persist to watch despite confessing to doing it exceptionally reflects the threat that TV has on human beings. Very many individuals do not realize that they are addicted to a drug called TV. This is because literally all they do revolves around them coming back to watch it, after whatever task. Drugs have the capacity to get one hooked and he or she thinks about is getting to use them; this is exactly what TV does to people. Addicts recognize they are doing damage to themselves, but go on to utilize the drug regardless. Human beings should recognize that the TV works as an ultra-modern drug delivery method, and it is just as damaging to the brain as each other drug, and they should just say

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria - Essay Example The problems that exist in the available data for ABR is the fact that the reported cases are just approximations as given by various national summary tables which are able to give only a rough estimate of the real burden of illness. Thus there is no great precision in these figures and the real number of infections and deaths are therefore definitely higher than the figures provided. This problem can be overcome by doing studies in limited settings such a single hospital or a cluster of hospitals where the actual figures are taken (WHO, 2014). Resistance can be tackled by using antibiotics only on prescription by a certified health practitioner, completing full treatment dose, even after healing and avoiding sharing of antibiotics with other people or taking leftover prescriptions. The methods that have little impact are the ones that are single and isolated interventions such as prescription and dispensation of the right drugs without much education to the patient. These studies lack accuracy since the data used is only estimates. An appropriate study should be done in a limited setting and should be conclusive taking into account the cost and specific type of resistance witnessed and by what particular bacteria (WHO,

The Issue of Automation in Business Practices Research Paper

The Issue of Automation in Business Practices - Research Paper Example   Allen (2001) looks critically at the disadvantages of manual processes. The main demerit of undertaking business operations manually is that it is time-consuming and wastes organizational resources. Take for instance; a highly automated factory can achieve a higher amount of production within a set timeframe compared with when the processes are undertaken manually. Process automation also encourages organizations to reduce the number of workers and subsequently cut the cost of operation. The undeniable fact is that any organization that carries out most of its operations manually can hardly attain the state 2 of cost-efficiency (Allen, 2001). This is because the organization’s limited resources would be squandered on paying wages and maintaining the large number of employees hired to do the long manual processes. The good news is that every step in a business operation can be automated with the use of applicable technology and software for better efficiency. In a big corpo ration or networked organization, it is helpful to implement Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as a system of coordinating all the sections of operations within an organization through the use of software that necessitate swift communication and higher performance among these sections in real-time (Allen, 2001). Automating with ERP helps organization to cut down the number of human personnel required for a job and eliminate cumbersomeness that often affects human activities within an organization. Most proponents of ERP believe that the system provide a unique opportunity for employees of an organization to harness their potentials in a speedy manner while attending to the goals of their organization. And automation is the backbone on which ERP depends on for successful implementation. 2.2 Value-Added Functionality Automating a process or a set of processes undoubtedly increases the value of the output of such processes. Corcoran et al. (2010) believe that automation affords organi zations the benefits of fastness, sustainability and quantifiable outcomes. In other words, when an operation is automated, it increases the added value to the output in a way of quick delivery and better presentation in environmentally friendly nature that would lead 3 to the output being well accepted by consumers. For example, consumers are likely going to show more interest in organizations that offer quick services and products. Though, how much value automation adds to the quality of a service or product is still an ongoing debate. Bannerman (2008) opines that even though an organization enjoys process improvement, this does not necessarily mean that it will lead to business improvement for the organization. However, Allen (2001) states that improved business operations are likely going to add to the value of the goods and services offered by the concerned organization.  Ã‚  

Impact of Latest Little Ice Age on Human Population

Impact of Latest Little Ice Age on Human Population William Lee Nowadays, the presence of Ice Ages which refer to the periodic long-term reduction in temperature of Earth’s surface and atmosphere, is well-known among people. However, most of them never heard of how another kind of geographical phenomenon, Little Ice Age (LIA), occurring from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries, influenced our culture, technology and our world today. Can you imagine how our lifestyle would be influenced? Can you imagine how the world would be totally different if it had never suffered from the LIA? This essay will discuss about what the LIA brought to our ancient ancestors and how it affected the world today. Let’s see what is meant by LIA. Distinct from the ice age, which refers to the long-term alternations between glacial periods and interglacial periods lasting for millions of years, the little ice age is another geographical terminology used to describe a pre-modern time period starting roughly from the 14th century, lasting until 19th century. During the LIA, the Earth was chilled by a sudden cooling and the average temperature of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere decreased by 2 degree centigrade than before. This enormous change was usually considered as the effect of solar activity variation (Lesley M. Smith,1997) and the relative position of Earth while rotating around the sun (John A. Eddy,1976). Some new researches also suggest other causes for the LIA, such as increased volcanic activity (Jonathan Cowie, 2007), or altered ocean current flows (Broecker WS, 2000). Due to the relatively higher latitude of land in the north hemisphere, the LIA had a predominant influence on the Eurasia continent rather than others. Meanwhile, most of human civilizations were gathering on the Old Continent. Reasonably the unexpected visit of this drastic change on climate affected human activities in such a complex way that is not easy to tell. However, we do can find some clues and records remained in the history, which can help us figure out the complicated process of change gradually. In order to analysis the impact of the LIA easily, we can try to make a clear image of human cultures by summarizing the status of every civilizations including empires, realms, kingdoms and independent regions existing during this period. At the beginning of 14th century, the Mongol Horde just invaded European countries and at the same time, China in the eastern world had been, for the first time, under foreign rule of Mongolian for already several decades. The Hundred Year’s War was just about to start and Italy was leading Europe to step into the period of Renaissance. A new dynasty called Ming arose after Chinese people stood up to fight against the cruel foreign rulers and in the next three hundred years, the prolonged war fire on the land of China finally came into a short time of peace. In fact, a storm was approaching silently, like the volcano hidden under the sea, it would erupt at any moment†¦Black Death killed a third of population in Europe. Russian and Norse begun to explore new lands†¦ In the fifteenth century, as Constantinople, the pivot on the way to the East, fell to the emerging Ottoman Turks, Western Europeans had to find a new trade route. The forthcoming Age of Sail allows Spanish and Portuguese explorers led to the first European sightings of the New Land (America and other virgin islands) and the sea passage along Cape of Good Hope to India. Then in the sixteenth century, thanks to the Queen Victoria, Britain became a super power on which† the sun never set†, and began to expand its territory all over the world. The Era of Colonization came with spread of culture, disease, thoughts, technology†¦ A peak of chilling little ice age came in the beginning of seventeenth century. The production of crops kept in a low level due to the persistent low temperature. Ming Dynasty collapsed under a series of peasants uprisings. Revolutions for independence or freedom of thought dominated the eighteenth century. And then Industrial Revolution accelerated the world into thrive. Now we have already got a rough image about the corresponding history. But still, how is these historical events linked with the LIA? Here is an example illustrating the LIA’s impact on agricultures. Since the beginning of fourteenth century, the cold weather and heavy storms swept Europe. Crops and livestock were enormously destroyed. Crises arose as political struggles and class warfare weakened those previously prosperous countries. Millions of people starved to death. Cannibalism was even recorded during the Great Famine, which lasted for at least a decade. According to Lamb (1966)’s report, the growing season varied by 15% to 20% between the warmest and coldest times of the millennium. This is fairly enough to adversely influence any type of food production. Without modern technology, such as protection of warm house, seeds especially those highly adapted to warm conditions, could hardly survive this change. In order to adapt increasingly unpredictable climates, farmers begun to experiment with new agricultural techniques and equipment (J. Cohen, 2012). This led to the Agriculture Revolution in Europe. In addition, the LIA also caused significant effect on economy, especially in Europe. Because of the Great Famine, heavy storms and growing glaciers, a large area of farmland was destroyed, which led to decreased tax revenue collected (Lamb,1995). Maritime activities were also limited by expanding glaciers, which caused a huge impact to the fishery and oversea trading (Lamb,1995).Miners lost their jobs due to the advancing glaciers as well. (Bryson, 1977.) However, not all of those influences were bad. One of the four greatest fisheries in the world, the fishery along the Newfoundland coast, was founded by fishermen who were looking for new fish stocks in result of the movement of colder water (Lamb, 1995). The LIA also brought great politic change to both western and oriental world. In China, the LIA made most of the participation shift towards south. This caused frequent droughts all over the provinces of China. The most severe one of them lasted for at least seventy years. Along with several massive earthquakes happening at the same time, this huge but declining agricultural country was finally defeated by corrupted bureaucracy and the Manchurian invaders from the northeast, who took advantage of the power vacuum and crossed the Great Wall, later on established the Qing Dynasty (Kezhen Zhu, 1972) In west Europe, â€Å"as the 18th century drew to a close, two decades of poor cereal harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor in France.† (J. Cohen, 2012) Many people who managed to express their disaffection yet failed eventually decided to rise up and fight the government which imposed heavy taxes. Therefore, the brewing storm broke in 1789, while the French Revolution incurred. Many historians believe that that was somehow connected to the LIA. Although a large amount of evidences indicate that the LIA actually influenced ancient civilizations in various ways, there are still arguments disapproving this opinion. The theory which explains human history as an outcome of effects from geographical factors, or â€Å"human habits and characteristics of a particular culture are shaped by geographical conditions† as the dictionary explains, is called geographical determinism. Criticisms point out that the theory exaggerates the effect of natural environment on the development of human society. It is obviously incorrect to substitute natural law for social law. The geographical environment is one of necessary external conditions for human society to develop, admittedly, it affects considerably society as well. Nevertheless, it is absolutely not the determinant of development of human society. In fact, its effect may decrease as the human society goes forward. Other criticisms focus on the explanation that historical events are considered as inevitable trend or irresistible outcome of some natural factors. For example, they think that it’s unreasonable to impute the collapse of Ming Dynasty of China to the little ice age alone. The corrosion of government and bureaucracy along with the policy of seclusion which caused the stagnation of technology development, are also critical reasons for the declination of China (Calebjael, 2014). In conclusion, history is a long and complicated story written by every person, every movement, everything which has ever existed in the past time. Geographical factors, such as the presence of little ice age, will inevitably play an essential role in the history, especially in the ancient time. Today, our developments on technology allow us to do whatever we want to do, in spite of the nature. However, it takes price. Our achievement today mostly depends on what the nature gave to our ancestors. We should learn with respect what our ancestors encountered and how they dealt with them, what lesson they did take and what we should do in the future. The little ice age influenced human beings’ society from aspects including agriculture, economics, politics and cultures, etc. and therefore determined the life today to some extent. Our thoughts should be never limited in the little ice age. There are so many other geographical factors and historical events awaiting for us to explore . The attempt of discovering our history never ends. Reference List: Albion C. 2014. Impact of The Little Ice Age in Europe. Accessed on 28 June, 2015. Available from http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?36426-Impact-of-The-Little-Ice-Age-in-Europe Brian M. Fagan 2000. The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300-1850. Publisher: Basic Books Imbrie J.; Imbrie K.P (1979). Ice ages: solving the mystery. Short Hills NJ: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89490-015-0. Accessed on 20 April 2015. Jennie Cohen 2012. Little Ice Age, Big Consequences. Accessed on 15 March, 2015. Available from http://www.history.com/news/little-ice-age-big-consequences Jonathan Cowie 2007.Climate change: biological and human aspects. Publisher: Cambridge University Press Kelly Morgan, 2010 The economic impact of the little ice age. Accessed on 20 April 2015. Available from http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/handle/10197/2649 K. Kris Hirst,2010 The Little Ice Age and Polynyas. Accessed on 20 April 2015. Available from http://archaeology.about.com/od/arctic/fl/The-Little-Ice-Age-How-Human-Cultures-Respond-to-Climate-Change_2.htm Peter J. Robinson 2005. The Little Ice Age, Ca. 1300 – 1870. Accessed on 16 March, 2015. Available from http://www.eh-resources.org/timeline/timeline_lia.html Scott A. Mandia, 2010 The Little Ice Age in Europe. Accessed on 20 April, 2015. Available from http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html

Plagiarism and the Internet :: Free Essays Online

Plagiarism and the Internet Plagiarism is a form of theft in which someone not only steals someone elseà °s words or ideas but pretends that they invented them. Plagiarism can result in lawsuits when copyrights are violated, such as in the case of 2 Live Crew who used a Roy Orbison song without consent of the copyright owner. The lines that draw this plagiarism trap are sometimes obscured, but are clearly articulated in resources such as The Hamilton College Honor Code. If instructors assign readings such as these, students will be without excuse for this common form of cheating. With the tools of today as given by the Internet, students have more information at their fingertips than ever before. Information and sources are easily acquired and many web sites are even open strictly for the use of plagiarizing, providing essays and reports students can copy. Teachers and professors could frustrate themselves by trying to find which particular website a student used to plagiarize. Surveys reflect the high percentage of exasperated teachers who feel defeated in this war against plagiarism (www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism_stats.html, p. 1 of 2). Can students act to remedy this problem? They can wage war against the websites that aid students in cheating by trying to expose them to higher authorities. This may lead to the closer observance of the forming of these websites and considerably lessen that form of plagiarizing. Teachers and professors could tailor writing assignments to make it harder to be plagiarized or put more of the weight of the grade on in-class testing. This particular writing assignment might be hard to plagiarize because it had specified topics with three issues to be addressed in relation to one another. Perhaps creative assignments would aid in the fight. Finally, students with

Setting as a Clarification of Motives in Hedda Gabler

Setting as a Clarification of Motives in Hedda Gabler Henrik Ibsen centralizes one of his most renowned plays, Hedda Gabler, around an upper-class housewife, and the complexities behind her seemingly average life. The title character finds herself in conditions that would be highly sought after by most young women of the nineteenth century: in a seemingly stable marriage with a comfortable home, and significantly more freedom than most females were offered within the context of the play.For this reason, Hedda’s tragic suicide comes as a surprise, and is often considered to be incomprehensible and unjustifiable in the minds of audience members. That being said, Ibsen clarifies Hedda’s motives by using the play’s setting to offer hints and explanation regarding the character’s condition as well as the factors that make her a victim of society.By understanding Ibsen’s use of the broader setting of nineteenth century Norway, as well as the smaller and m ore detailed setting on stage, one can in turn begin to understand the reasoning behind Hedda’s final impassioned decision and the events leading up to the play’s tragic conclusion. The nineteenth century was a time of patriarchal dominance, which is the foundation beneath most of Hedda’s internal conflict. Being raised by her father as a young girl, Hedda was treated more like a son than a daughter, and therefore able to enjoy freedoms that were typically reserved for males of the time.In the first scene of the play, Miss Tesman brings attention to this fact by exclaiming, â€Å"what a life she had in the general’s day! † (Ibsen 201) and remembering the days when Hedda would ride horses with General Gabler, â€Å"galloping past† (201), rather than trotting as would be customary for young women of the era. When Hedda agrees to marry George Tesman, she sacrifices this liberty of gender ambiguity, and confines herself to the societal restricti ons of the time.Nevertheless, although Hedda displays an outward compliance to the female expectations of the time, inwardly, Hedda rejects the idea of being dominated by a husband, which manifests in her passive aggression towards George. Ibsen underscores this idea even further through the title of the play, â€Å"Hedda Gabler†, which uses the woman’s maiden name, indicating that she remains attached to a time when her father was the only man in her life. Notwithstanding these social restraints, the hindrances to Hedda’s liberty cannot solely be blamed on the 1879 setting.Rather, the confines placed upon Hedda by societal expectations are compounded and made increasingly restricting by the woman’s own obsession with maintaining outer appearances and social mores. Should she choose to, Hedda could leave her husband like Mrs. Elvested to pursue her own idea of happiness, but in doing so, the protagonist would sacrifice her social standing and image as a w ell-esteemed and proper wife. With that, she decides to enshroud her life in a facade at the expense of her contentment.The threat of this mask of grace being removed, which would result in her becoming an outcast of nineteenth century society, becomes one of the deciding factors in Hedda’s suicide. To elaborate, in her twisted hunt for â€Å"†¦something spontaneous and beautiful† (Ibsen 118), Hedda sets out like a venomous arachnid, weaving web after web of conflict and deception to amuse herself, while maintaining an outward impression of integrity. This disguise becomes endangered when Judge Brack becomes privy to Hedda’s malicious behaviour and her role in Lovborg’s suicide, then threatening to expose her should she not surrender to his chokehold of power.Due to the social conditions of the Norwegian setting, Hedda is provided with two options, to become an even greater victim of female repression under the hands of Judge Brack, or to be banished by the upper-class society that is so vital to existence. In a more contemporary time, alternative options would be available to the protagonist due to the equality with which women are now perceived, and the social acceptance of independent females in the present day. Contrarily, in the sphere of the play’s context, Hedda is faced with the fact that the only way to avoid relinquishing all control over her life is to end it by her own hand.This notion alone shows the significance that time and setting have on the character’s actions, as it is arguable that if the play were to take place in the twenty-first century, the relevance of Hedda’s actions would be entirely lost, based upon the liberties and opportunities that would be available to her in today’s society. In addition to utilizing setting to establish the social circumstances affecting Hedda, Ibsen also offers descriptions regarding scenic design and stage directions to reveal information concerni ng the title character’s sense of inner conflict. Firstly, a great deal of significance arises from he fact Ibsen contains the play’s action within the Tesman’s small drawing room, a very deliberate and strategic choice of setting in terms of character development. As the piece progresses, it becomes increasingly apparent through the setting and the young woman’s interactions with it, that the drawing room contains Hedda’s life, both literally and metaphorically in some senses. Within this room, she is able to deny her present circumstances by detaching herself from the outside world. Hedda’s interactions with the set reinforce this idea, particularly when she orders George to draw the curtains due to the sunlight.By including this action in his work, Ibsen physically dims the stage, representative of the darkness with which Hedda masks her life, while also reflecting the dominant position she holds in her marriage by having George perform a task that would typically be viewed as woman’s work within the world of the play. All things considered, while the drawing room is in fact a representation of the control and freedom in Hedda’s life, it also serves as a simultaneous, albeit paradoxical, symbol of imprisonment. Within its four walls, Hedda is able to ignore the outside world.That being said, the drawing room and its contents also represent the suffocating aristocratic life that the young woman struggles to maintain despite its smothering effects. The conflicted relationship that the woman has with the room and her identity is illustrated when Hedda makes reference to yet another set piece: the piano. Although she acknowledges that the instrument â€Å"doesn’t really fit in with all [the] other things [in the room]† (Ibsen 208), Hedda declares that she is unwilling to part with it when Tesman suggests trading it in for a new piano.Rather, she suggests moving it to the inner room, and getti ng â€Å"another here in its place† (208). Through her relationship with this object, Ibsen again demonstrates the conflict that Hedda experiences as she attempts to replace the ways of her past with her new aristocratic identity, while still clinging onto fragments of her old life. Ultimately, it is this paradoxical state of being that leads to the title character’s unwinding. Unable to find a middle ground in her life, Hedda comes to understand that the only way to avoid trading either her inner or outer desires for the other, is to take complete control of her life by sacrificing both.Despite the aforesaid arguments, some audience members and critics may still consider Hedda’s suicide, as well as the actions leading up to it, to be unwarranted acts of selfishness. That being said, regardless of whether or not one chooses to approve of Hedda’s choices, it is undebatable that Ibsen at the very least succeeds in clarifying the motives behind her decisions , particularly her sense of inescapable imprisonment. Ibsen manages to achieve this feat largely through the precision with which he makes use of the play’s setting.With that, it is inarguable that without the foundation of nineteenth century society and the choices made by Ibsen regarding stage design, the pieces of Hedda’s story would remain fragmented to audiences, and the intense torment leading to the title character’s final breath would be left unexposed. Works Cited Ibsen, Henrik. Hedda Gabler. Trans. Rolf Fjelde. The Norton Anthology of Drama, Volume Two: The Nineteenth Century to the Present. J. Ellen Gainor, Stanton B. Garner Jr. and Martin Puchner. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009. 200-254.